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Robert James Turnbull
Robert James Turnbull (January 1775 - June 15, 1833) was an American lawyer, planter, writer and politician from South Carolina who also published under the name Brutus. His essays in the ''Charleston Mercury'' advocating nullification were published as a pamphlet under the title ''The Crisis: Or, Essays on the Usurpations of the Federal Government'', which has been described as "the handbook for nullification and resistance."〔Edgar, Walter B. ''South Carolina: A History'' Charleston, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1998; p. 331〕
== Background ==
Turnbull's father was Andrew Turnbull, a British physician married to a Greek wife (a native of Smyrna, where he had worked for British interests). Dr. Turnbull was given a grant by the British Crown in 1772 to establish a colony in Florida, which was settled by about 15,000 Greeks and other immigrants from the Mediterranean, as well as some Moravians. The colony was not a large success, and Dr. Turnbull lost his grants. The Turnbulls settled in Charleston, South Carolina when the British Army occupied the town during the American Revolution, some time after Robert James Turnbull was born in New Smyrna, Florida in January, 1775; and when the war ended, the doctor flatly refused to become an American citizen. Robert was sent to school in England after the war, during which time his ''Visit to the "Philadelphia Penitentiary"'' (which discussed the penitentiary concept and argued against capital punishment) was published in London (1797). It was translated into French in 1800, and gained him some notice in the United States as well as in Europe. He returned to the United States, and studied law in Charleston and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He took up legal practice in Charleston until 1810, when he moved to a large plantation in the rural part of the state.
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